The only way to illumine the whole field of native therapeutics,” wrote an intelligent foreigner, “is to survey it in small tracts and sift the value of those drugs peculiar to each province......... There is a wide feeling that there is a beneficence in the scheme of nature which provides in every country suitable remedies on the spot for the ill to which humanity is locally most prone. Very little has been done so far to incorporate in the practice of physicians in the country the medicines which in India nature scatters broadcast from her lap.
一位聰明的外國人寫道：
「闡明本土療法整個領域的唯一方法，就是在小範圍內進行調查，並篩選每個省份特有的藥物的價值......人們普遍認為，大自然的安排是仁慈的，它為每個國家的人類在當地最容易遭受的疾病提供了適當的補救措施。迄今為止，幾乎沒有採取什麼措施將印度自然散落在她腿上的藥物納入該國醫生的實踐中。」
It is necessary to pass in review the principal works which have advanced our knowledge of the subject. In order to do this, we should take into consideration those works which treat of the drugs of the different provinces of this country. In fact, excluding the “Pharmacopoeia of India,” the “Pharmacographica Indica” and Watt’s “Dictionary of the Economic Products of India,” all the works which have made their appearance deal with drugs and medicinal plants of certain provinces only. For obvious reasons this arrangement is a good one.
有必要透過審查那些提高了我們對該學科知識的主要著作。為了做到這一點，我們應該考慮那些治療該國不同省份藥物的著作。事實上，除了《Pharmacopoeia of India》(《印度藥典》)、《Pharmacographica Indica》和瓦特的《印度經濟產品詞典》外，所有已問世的著作都只涉及某些省份的藥品和藥用植物。出於顯而易見的原因，這種安排是一個很好的安排。
I have already stated the great stimulus that was given to the study of the subject by the establishment of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta as till recently the Capital of India possessing one of the finest Botanical gardens in the world afforded great facilities for the study of the subject. Roxburgh, Fleming and Royle were the first to write about the medicinal plants and their uses in the Asiatic Researches and the Journal of the Bengal Asiatic Society. But there was no systematic treatise on the indigenous drugs of Bengal till the publication of O’Shaugh-nessy’s Bengal Dispensatory in 1842. Before the publication of this work, information concerning indigenous drugs was scattered in the journals and transactions of several learned societies, which were not easily accessible to all members of the medical profession. Mr. Louis DaCosta wrote in the Journal of the Bengal Asiatic Society for May, 1837, “it is a desideratum to know how the natives have treated the subject of medicaments—what of good their books contain—what of error. Our medical practice pays, perhaps, too little attention to vegetable remedies, of which the orientals possess an infinite variety, many inert but many active, and many also quite unknown to Europeans.” The Bengal Dispensatory supplied a long-felt want on the subject. This was followed in 1844 by the Bengal Pharmacopoeia. These two works form important landmarks in the literature of indigenous drugs. They were not free from errors. Even the author acknowledged that his multifarious duties prevented him from bestowing that amount of attention on the subject which its importance demanded. But considering the difficulties he had to contend with, the scanty materials which existed on the literature at his time, I think great credit is due to him for his works. He was one of the pioneers in this field of research. And it should not be forgotten that his Pharmacopoeia of Bengal subsequently formed the groundwork of the Pharmacopoeia of India.
我已經說過孟加拉亞洲學會的成立對這一主題的研究產生了巨大的推動作用。加爾各答直到最近還是印度首都，擁有世界上最好的植物園之一，為該學科的研究提供了良好的設施。羅克斯堡、弗萊明和羅伊爾是第一個在《亞洲研究》和《孟加拉亞洲學會雜誌》上撰寫有關藥用植物及其用途的文章的人。但直到 1842 年奧肖內西的《孟加拉藥譜》出版之前，還沒有關於孟加拉本土藥物的系統論述。在這部著作出版之前，有關本土藥物的信息分散在幾個學術團體的期刊和交易中，醫學界的所有成員都不容易獲得這些資訊。路易斯•達科斯塔 (Louis DaCosta) 在 1837 年 5 月的《孟加拉亞洲學會雜誌》中寫道：
「迫切需要了解當地人如何對待醫學課題——他們的書籍包含哪些優點——哪些錯誤。我們的醫療實踐也許太少關注植物療法，而東方人擁有的植物療法種類繁多，其中許多是惰性的，但許多是活性的，而且許多歐洲人還完全不知道。」
《孟加拉藥譜》滿足了人們長期以來對這個問題的需求。隨後於 1844 年頒布了孟加拉藥典。這兩部作品構成了本土藥物文獻的重要里程碑。他們也並非沒有錯誤。就連作者也承認，他的繁重職責使他無法對這個主題給予足夠的關注，而這正是其重要性所要求的。但考慮到他所面臨的困難，以及當時文獻中的資料匱乏，我認為他的作品值得極大的讚譽。他是該研究領域的先驅之一。我們不應忘記，他的孟加拉藥典後來成為了印度藥典的基礎。
The next work on the “Indigenous drugs of Bengal” is that of: Kanay Lai Dey. That gentleman is a well-known authority on the subject. In 1862, for the International Exhibition held in London, he forwarded indigenous drugs chiefly of Bengal. The catalogue of drugs exhibited by him was subsequently published in book-form at the request of the Inspector-General of Civil Hospitals of Bengal. This work was a decided improvement on O’Shaughnessy’s Pharmacopoeia and Dispensatory.
下一個關於「孟加拉本土藥物」的作品是 Kanay Lai Dey 的作品。這位先生是這方面的著名權威。1862年，在倫敦舉行的國際展覽會上，他發表了主要來自孟加拉的本土藥物。隨後，應孟加拉民用醫院總監的要求，他展示的藥品目錄以書籍形式出版。這項工作是對奧肖內西《藥典和藥房》的重大改進。
No other work on the indigenous drugs of Bengal deserves any notice. Mr. T. N. Mukerji’s “Catalogue of Amsterdam Exhibition” is a useful one, but it is principally compiled from the above sources.
有其他關於孟加拉本土藥物的工作值得關注。TN Mukerji 的《阿姆斯特丹展覽目錄》是一本有用的目錄，但它主要是根據上述來源編制的。
There is no work treating of the indigenous drugs of Assam, Orissa, or of Behar (excepting Irvine’s short account of the Materia Medica of Patna, published in 1848).. Notices of some of the medicinal plants and indigenous drugs of Assam and Orissa are to be found in the Gazetteer volumes of those provinces.
沒有阿薩姆藥物、奧裡薩邦或貝哈爾邦本土藥物的著作（除了歐文於1848 年出版的《巴特那本草》的簡短說明）。阿薩姆邦和奧裡薩邦的一些藥用植物和本土藥品的公告如下可以在這些省份的地名詞典中找到。
There have been a host of medical men to work out the medicinal plants and indigenous drugs of Madras. In the early days of the East India Company, Madras, the so-called benighted Presidency of to-day, attracted more scientific and medical men than any other part of India. It was on the Madras side that most of the illustrated works on Indian Botany were prepared. Rheede’s “Hortus Malabarica,” Roxburgh’s “Coromandel Plants,” Wight’s “leones,” Beddome’s “Flora Sylvatica” were all prepared by men who labored in that Presidency. Ainslie’s “Materia Medica of Hindustan” published in 1813, and “Materia Indica” published in 1826, are still works of reference on the indigenous drugs of Madras. Waring was another authority on the Madras indigenous drugs. His labors have been embodied in the Pharmacopoeia of India.
有許多醫生致力於研究馬德拉斯的藥用植物和本土藥物。在東印度公司的早期，馬德拉斯，即今天所謂的benighted Presidency，比印度其他任何地方都吸引了更多的科學和醫學人士。大多數有關印度植物學的插圖作品都是在馬德拉斯一側完成的。里德的“Hortus Malabarica”、羅克斯堡的“Coromandel Plants”、懷特的“leones”、貝多姆的“Flora Sylvatica”都是由在總統任期內工作的人準備的。安斯利1813年出版的《印度斯坦本草》和1826年出版的《印度本草》至今仍是馬德拉斯本土藥物的參考著作。韋林是馬德拉斯本土藥物的另一位權威。他的工作成果已載入印度藥典。
Bidie’s “Paris Exhibition Catalogue of Raw Products of Southern India” is a useful publication on the indigenous drugs of Madras. In the Madras Quarterly and Monthly Journal of Medical Science, there are several papers from his pen on the subject of indigenous drugs.
Bidie 的《印度南部原料巴黎展覽目錄》是一本關於馬德拉斯本土藥物的有用出版物。在《馬德拉斯醫學季刊》和《醫學月刊》上，有幾篇由他撰寫的關於本土藥物主題的論文。
Moodeen Sheriff will always occupy a prominent place amongst the workers on the subject of indigenous drugs. His Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia of India established his reputation as a pharmaceutist of no mean order. His posthumous work on the “Materia Medica of Madras,” has brought our information on some of the indigenous drugs of that Presidency up to date. It is unfortunate, however, that this work did not receive the last finishing touch of the author.
穆迪官長在本土藥物問題上將始終在工作人員中佔據重要地位。他對《印度藥典》的增補奠定了他作為一位地位不凡的藥劑師的聲譽。他的遺作《馬德拉斯本草》為我們帶來了該首長任期內一些本土藥物的最新資訊。然而遺憾的是，這部作品並沒有得到作者最後的畫龍點睛。
The indigenous drugs of Bombay, though neglected for a long time, have recently received proper attention. Dalzell and Gibson’s “Bombay Flora,” published in 1861, paved the way to the better study of the subject. Birdwood’s “Vegetable Products of Bombay,” published in 1862, was the first work that gave a systematic account of the Bombay drugs. In the Pharmacopoeia of Iudia published in 1867, the Bombay drugs were not adequately represented. But since then, due principally to the labors of Sakharam Arjun and Dymock, the Bombay drugs have been far better worked out than those of any other part of India. Sakharam Arjun’s “Bombay Drugs” was published in 1879. He was a skilled botanist, being the occupant of the Chair of Botany in the Grant Medical College. This publication was intended to serve as a catalogue of the Indian drugs in the Museum of the Royal Victoria Hospital at Netley. Dr. Sakharam Arjun succeeded in correctly identifying some of the bazar drugs and brought to the notice of the profession a good many medicinal plants used by the natives of Bombay.
孟買的本土藥物雖然長期被忽視，但最近卻受到了適當的關注。達爾澤爾和吉布森於 1861 年出版的《孟買植物誌》為更好地研究這個主題鋪平了道路。伯德伍德於 1862 年出版的《孟買蔬菜作物》是第一部系統性地描述孟買藥物的著作。在 1867 年出版的尤迪亞藥典中，孟買藥物並沒有充分的體現。但從那時起，主要由於薩哈拉姆•阿爾瓊和戴莫克的努力，孟買的藥品比印度其他任何地方的藥品都好得多。薩哈拉姆•阿瓊 (Sakharam Arjun) 的《孟買藥物》於 1879 年出版。他是一位熟練的植物學家，擔任格蘭特醫學院植物學系主任。該出版物旨在作為內特利皇家維多利亞醫院博物館的印度藥物目錄。博士。薩哈拉姆•阿爾瓊成功地正確識別了一些集市藥物，並引起了業界的注意，孟買當地人使用的許多藥用植物。
Dymock’s “Vegetable Materia Medica of Western India” is by far the best work on the indigenous drugs, not only of Bombay, but of India generally. It bears strong testimony to his having patiently worked at the subject for a large number of years. The Pharmacographiea Indica will remain, for many years to come, the standard work of reference on indigenous drugs.
戴莫克的《西印度蔬菜本草》是迄今為止關於本土藥物的最佳著作，不僅是孟買的，而且是整個印度的。這有力地證明了他多年來在這一主題上的耐心研究。在未來的許多年裡， 《印度藥典》仍將是本土藥物的標準參考書。
The medicinal plants and drugs of Sind have not yet been properly studied. The only work on the subject is that of Murray on “Plants and Drugs of Sind.” Murray, neither being a medical man nor a skilled botanist, compiled his work from other sources and, as such, the work is of doubtful value as a guide to the plants and drugs of that province.
信德省的藥用植物和藥物尚未得到適當的研究。關於這個主題的唯一著作是莫瑞的《信德植物與藥物》。默里既不是醫學家，也不是熟練的植物學家，他從其他來源彙編了他的著作，因此，該著作作為該省植物和藥物指南的價值是值得懷疑的。
Our knowledge of the medicinal plants and drugs of the Punjab is also scant and meagre. Honnigberger’s work named “Thirty-five years in the East” was the first one mentioning the Punjab medicinal plants and drugs. Honnigberger was a homoeopathic practitioner and was physician to Ranjit Singh. The work is hardly of any value, and is very seldom referred to now-a-days.
我們對旁遮普邦的藥用植物和藥物的了解也很少。霍尼伯格的著作《東方三十五年》是第一部提及旁遮普藥用植物和藥物的著作。霍尼伯格是一位順勢療法醫生，也是蘭蘭季德•辛格(當時的開國君主)的醫生。這部作品幾乎沒有任何價值，如今也很少被提及。
The Punjab Exhibition of 1864 brought for the first time to light the drugs of that province. Mr. Baden Powell described the raw products in his well-known work on the Punjab products. Dr. Burton Brown, the late Principal of the Lahore Medical College, was the reporter on the drugs of the Punjab. As a chemist and a botanist Dr. Brown was well qualified to properly discharge his duties as a reporter. And up to this date, his report is the sole authentic guide to the drugs of that province.
1864 年的旁遮普展覽會首次展示了該省的藥品。先生。貝登鮑威爾在他關於旁遮普產品的著名著作中描述了這些原料。拉合爾醫學院已故校長伯頓布朗博士是旁遮普藥物的記錄者。作為化學家和植物學家博士。布朗完全有資格正確履行職責。迄今為止，他的報告是該省唯一真實的藥物指南。
Dr. Stewart, as Forest Officer, in his work on “Punjab Plants,” noticed some of the medicinal plants of that province. He freely acknowledged the great help he derived from Dr. Brown in identifying many medicinal plants. Dr. Stewart’s work is very valuable and, together with Dr. Brown’s Report above referred to, is the only work mentioning some of the medicinal plants of the Punjab.
史都華博士身為林務官員，在他的《旁遮普植物》一書中註意到了該省的一些藥用植物。他坦言自己得到了博士的巨大幫助。棕色用於識別許多藥用植物。史都華博士的工作非常有價值，並且與博士一起。上述的布朗報告是唯一提到旁遮普邦一些藥用植物的著作
Of the medicinal plants and drugs of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh we know very little. Mr. Atkinson’s work on the “Economic Products of the North-West Provinces” is the only work treating of the drugs of those provinces.
對於阿格拉和奧德聯合省的藥用植物和藥物，我們所知甚少。阿特金森的《西北各省經濟產品》是唯一一部研究這些省藥物的著作
The medicinal plants and drugs of the Central Provinces and Rajputana have not been properly worked out. it is highly desirable that these provinces should receive, at the hands of botanists and medical men, that amount of attention which they deserve.
中部省和拉傑普塔納的藥用植物和藥物尚未妥善製定。非常希望這些省份能得到植物學家和醫護人員應有的重視。
Thus it will be seen that, although there are many works on the medicinal plants and drugs of different provinces of India, yet a great deal remains to be done for the drugs and medicinal plants of Cashmere, Beluchistan, Sind, Punjab, United Provinces of Agra andOudh, Behar, Orissa, Assam, Central Provinces and Rajputana. Owing to the publication of the Pharmacographica Indica and Watt's “Dictionary of the Economic Products of India,” there is not the same difficulty now to work out the subject which the early laborers in this field of research experienced For, not only the Flora of British India projected by Hooker has been completed, but Floras of most of the provinces of India have been in recent years prepared by some of the noted Indian botanists. Thus the Bengal Plants by Sir David Prain, the Gangetic Flora describing plants of the United Provinces of Agra & Oudh by Mr. J. F. Duthie, Flora of Bombay by Dr. Theodore Cooke, Flora of the Central Provinces by Mr. Haines, Flora of Madras by Mr. Gamble, Panjab Plants by Colonel Bamber, Flora Simlensis by the late General Collett, Plants of Baluchistan by Mr. Burkill, and Flora of Assam under preparation by Rai Bahadur Upendra Nath Kanjilal, will be of great help to those who are interested in the study of the medicinal plants of this country. Of the Indian States of India, the plants of Kashmir were worked out principally by Jacquemont and Royle; of Nepal by Wallich and recently byMr. J. Hc Burkill; of Bhotan and Sikkim recently by Messrs. Burkill and Smith; of Catch by Revd. Father Blatter; of Mysore in the Gazetteer Volume of that principality; and of Baroda and Kathiawad States by Mr. Jayakrishna Indrajit in Guzerati.